Classification and treatment of a kidney disease
1. Kidney function is very important to the human body: the human body has two kidneys, and the function is very important. Among the eight major systems of the human body, the kidney system is a system with more functions. Once the kidneys have problems, a series of follow-up problems will arise. Kidney disease can be divided into acute kidney disease and chronic kidney disease according to the pathogenesis, and the causes of the two are different. The condition associated with hemodialysis is uremia, which is a syndrome of end-stage renal disease. Today, I mainly explain chronic kidney disease.
Dialysis, filtration, and even secretion function after the stage of renal failure will be reduced or even completely disappeared; it can be divided into acute renal failure and chronic renal failure. All kinds of renal failure can cause uremia when it reaches the end stage. Once uremia occurs in end-stage kidney disease, it must be treated. The main clinical treatment method is dialysis. Dialysis can be divided into hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and kidney transplantation.
2. The production of uremia: Chronic kidney disease can be divided into five periods according to the glomerular filtration rate. There is a big difference between the symptoms in each period, and the final stage is kidney failure. Renal failure produces uremia. When uremia occurs, the body produces many toxins. The main function of the kidney is to filter out toxins produced during metabolic processes in the body. Toxins are divided into many types, which can be divided into small molecules, medium molecules and macromolecules, which have different effects on the human body. Normal human kidneys such as peas, the filtration function of the kidneys of uremic patients almost disappeared, many people will not be able to urinate after getting uremia, so that the toxins in the body can not be removed. Therefore, uremia affects the eight major systems of the human body.
3. There are three main clinical features of chronic kidney disease: three high. The incidence rate is high, the epidemiological statistics are about 10.8%; the incidence of cardiovascular disease and diabetes is high; the mortality rate is high. The awareness rate is low, that is, in the big cities, once kidney failure or kidney disease occurs, the patient will go to a nearby hospital to determine the kidney disease period, but in China, especially in small and medium-sized cities and remote areas, once sick, short time The diagnosis cannot be confirmed, so the prevention rate is also low. The associated rate of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases is low. In China, one out of every ten people is sick, so the incidence of kidney disease in China is very high. According to the statistics since 1991, the main cause of the disease in China is chronic nephritis, followed by hypertension and diabetes, accounting for nearly 20% of the total, a very high proportion. The incidence of high blood pressure and diabetes-induced kidney disease in the elderly is very high. Among the kidney disease incidence rates in the world, China ranks in the top, but with the improvement of Chinese living standards, diabetes and hypertension are on the rise, and the induced chronic kidney disease accounts for a high proportion. Some studies have redefined the standard of obesity, which is divided into fat, overweight, and super fat. Diabetes can cause many diseases. Diabetes is one of them. At present, the incidence of diabetes is basically 10% of the total population. Diabetes causes a lot of follow-up diseases, including kidney failure, uremia, and high blood pressure.
4. China's aging is very serious: the incidence of high blood pressure and diabetes among Chinese elderly people is high. Japan's total population is less than 140 million, and hemodialysis patients reach more than 300,000; China's total population is 1.3 billion, and the dialysis population is about 300,000. China's population is about 10 times that of Japan, but the number of people treated is almost the same, and the treatment rate in China is very low. With the increase in awareness, the incidence of diabetes and hypertension, the treatment rate in China will be greatly improved. Japan today may be China’s tomorrow.
5. Hospital hemodialysis mode: This is the patient lying in bed, he does the sputum before the dialysis, is the fistula. These red pipes are dialysis tubes. The white ones are called dialyzers. This machine is a dialysis device. The upper part is the saline, heparin and other drugs. The following is the dialysate. This is a way of blood treatment. Hemodialysis is routinely treated in hospitals two to three times a week for four hours of treatment to remove small molecules in uremia quickly and efficiently. We have seen this model in the hospital. Each hemodialysis center has a certain number of nurses, including doctors who routinely treat hemodialysis patients.
6. Hemodialysis, hemofiltration, hemodiafiltration and continuous blood purification technology: According to the principle of toxin removal in hemodialysis, hemodialysis can be divided into many treatments. Hemofiltration mainly removes medium-large molecules, including hemodialysis, which is poorly tolerated. Hemodiafiltration combined with the advantages of hemodialysis and hemofiltration, mainly to remove medium molecular toxins. There is also a treatment called continuous blood purification technology, which is now very effective in many hospitals. Basically, a continuous blood purification is performed at 24 hours. It is like the treatment of hemodialysis in the field of heart transplantation. The critical field will have a certain dependence on this treatment.
7. Home hemodialysis is currently not very allowed, wearing artificial kidneys or future research and development trends: Some time ago, if we pay attention to online, we can notice some, such as family hemodialysis. Because the cost of treatment for the entire hemodialysis is relatively high, there are even some patients with groups of three or five people for home hemodialysis. At present, the domestic treatment of this type of treatment is not very agreeable, because to do hemodialysis, to meet the requirements of national standard treatment qualifications, as well as hemodialysis will occur many diseases, some drugs can also cause symptoms. If some patients at home do not have some medical (doctor) resources at home, it is difficult to control when this happens. Therefore, in China, this method is not particularly large. This may be a field and direction for future research and development. It is a miniaturized treatment method that moves with people. Some time ago, the news reported that international giant Medtronic was engaged in the production of related artificial kidneys in Chengdu. But complications are also an unavoidable problem in the field of hemodialysis. If there is an effective control between miniaturization and complications, this is still a very good development direction in the future.
8. Blood perfusion and peritoneal dialysis: Blood perfusion is mainly the absorption of fat-soluble macromolecules in toxic diseases. Because conventional hemodialysis is difficult to effectively filter and remove fat-soluble molecules, it is removed by blood perfusion. Another way is now that hospitals are also used frequently. For Shanghai local hospitals, his proportion is also increasing, called peritoneal dialysis. Peritoneal dialysis uses the body's own semi-permeable membrane, coupled with dialysate, the body's metabolism will produce some toxins, the human semi-permeable membrane will exchange with the clean liquid outside, replace the toxins, fresh liquid into the body. This is basically a treatment for peritoneal dialysis. Its treatment is basically done at home and can be done in a hospital. Many patients choose this method a little more because of work, and it does not affect their work and study.
9. Kidney transplantation has decreased in the past two years: another treatment is called transplantation, and its main source of kidney is from cadaveric kidney and living donors. However, with the kidney control of the corpse in the first two years of the country, the rate of kidney transplants has been increasing since 2009, but there have been some declines in the past two years, showing that the state has a clear control over the cadaver kidney source. In addition, there are many complications when the kidney is transplanted. He needs to take a drug that is immunosuppressed for a long time to prevent immune rejection and needs to continue taking the drug.
Inverted Fluorescent Microscope
Ningbo ProWay Optics & Electronics Co., Ltd. , https://www.proway-microtech.com