Pharmacological effects
1, the role of atropine: Similar to scopolamine, in addition to the central role, the application of a broader role is their peripheral role, that block the effect of acetylcholine on M-choline receptors produced by a series of effects. The representative role of atropine is briefly described.
(1) Glandular secretion: It inhibits the secretion of sweat glands and salivary glands, causing dry skin and dry mouth. It can also reduce the secretion of respiratory tract. Therefore, it is commonly used for preanesthetic administration, and higher doses can reduce the secretion of gastric juice.
(2) Smooth muscle: It has little effect on the normal movement of the gastrointestinal tract, but it has an obvious antispasmodic effect on smooth muscles that are in excessive movement and spasm, and has antispasmodic effects on the gastrointestinal, biliary tract, ureter, and bronchial spasm.
(3) Eyes: paralysis of the iris sphincter and ciliary muscle, resulting in pupil dilation and paralysis (hyperopia).
(4) cardiovascular systolic: a small dose due to excitation of the vagus nerve center leads to a transient slowing of the heart rate; slightly higher doses are due to the block of the vagus nerve on the control of the heart to accelerate the heart rate; large doses have a direct effect on small blood vessels and capillary smooth muscle, Expand blood vessels, increase blood flow to important organs, improve blood circulation, and treat shock.
(5) Central nervous system: excited medulla oblongata and brain, clinical dose of 0.5-1.0mg slightly excited respiratory center, poisonous dose showed significant central excitement, restlessness, agitation, sensation of sleep and convulsions, higher doses were first excited Suppressed and eventually died of numbness and paralysis. It is resistant to the tremor caused by damage to the monkey's thalamus and midbrain reticular formation. Suppression of the spontaneous and changing speed of the cat vestibular neurons caused by the discharge, that inhibit the excitability of vestibular neurons, with antiemetic effect.
2. Characteristics of scopolamine action (compared with atropine):
(1) For the iris, ciliary muscle, and certain exocrine glands (salivary glands, bronchial glands, sweat glands), its effect is much stronger than that of atropine, while the effect of atropine on the heart, intestine, and bronchial smooth muscle is more pronounced and lasting .
(2) The respiratory stimulant effect on normal people is stronger. Increasing respiratory rate and ventilation volume can counteract morphine-induced respiratory depression. However, when the respiratory function is severely suppressed, the effect is unreliable. The effect on the upper brain center is opposite to that of atropine. It is suppression rather than excitement. When the dose is treated, it causes drowsiness, euphoria, forgetfulness, fatigue, and even sleep. Increasing the dose can produce anesthetic effects.
(3) The role of glandular secretion: Atropine can inhibit the secretion of sweat glands and salivary glands, causing dry skin and dry mouth, but also reduce the secretion of respiratory tract, it is often used for preanesthetic administration, a larger dose can reduce gastric secretion. Scopolamine inhibits certain exocrine glands much more than atropine.
(4) Effect on smooth muscle: Atropine has little effect on the normal gastrointestinal motility, but it has a significant antispasmodic effect on smooth muscles in excessive exercise and spasticity. It has antispasmodic effects on gastrointestinal, biliary, ureteral, and bronchial spasms. In addition, atropine can make the iris of the eye sphincter and cycloplegia, resulting in pupil dilation and adjustment paralysis (hyperopia). The effect of scopolamine on heart, intestine, and bronchial smooth muscles is less than that of atropine. The role of the iris and ciliary muscle is much stronger than atropine.
(5) Scopolamine has a strong respiratory stimulant effect on normal people, can increase respiratory frequency and ventilation volume, and can fight morphine-induced respiratory depression, but when used as a stimulant when respiratory depression is severe, the effect is unreliable. The effect is opposite to atropine, which is mainly inhibition rather than excitement. When the dose is treated, it causes drowsiness, euphoria, forgetfulness, fatigue and even sleep. If the dose is increased, anesthesia can be produced.
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