Apple pomace is composed of peel, kernels and residual pulp. It contains various nutrients such as soluble sugar, vitamins, minerals, and cellulose. It is a good juicy feed resource.
(I) Nutritional characteristics of apple dregs In apple dregs, peels accounted for 96.2%, fruit seeds accounted for 3.1%, and fruit stems accounted for 0.7%. The content of crude protein in apple pomace is lower, while the content of crude fat and nitrogen-free extract is higher. The dry slag has a metabolizable energy (cattle) value close to that of corn and bran, and fresh slag and silage have a metabolic energy (cattle) value close to that of corn silage. In addition, it also contains abundant macro and trace elements of minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, potassium, iron, manganese, and sulphur, among which the iron content of dried pomace is 4.9 times that of maize; lysine, methionine, and arginine The content is 1.7 times, 1.2 times and 2.75 times that of corn, vitamin B2 is 3.5 times that of corn, and total sugar is more than 15% in the nitrogen-free extract.
The pH of fresh apple pomace is 3.5 to 4.8, and the acidity is relatively large, so the palatability is poor at the beginning of feeding. Before the feeding of fresh slag, it is best to use 0.5% to 1.0% of edible alkali for neutralization treatment, and the amount of feed should not be too large to account for 1/3 of the rations of cattle, sheep, and finishing pigs. It is better to mix the ingredients together.
(II) Processing and feeding of apple dregs Due to the high moisture content and high acidity of fresh apple pomace, the proportion of fresh apple pomace in the diet should not be large and difficult to store; at the same time, the production of pomace residue has obvious seasonality. In order to make full use of the feed resources of fruit residue, the use of fresh residue alone is very limited. Therefore, it must be processed. Although it is still in the research and development stage, some good results and benefits have been achieved.
Silage Silage can reduce some problems that can't be overcome in fresh apple pomace feeding. The silage method of apple pomace is the same as that of other feed silages, but because of its high water content, silage alone needs to reduce its moisture content. Silage can also be mixed with corn (with and without sticks), wild grass, bran, and short hay. The requirement for the fruit slag must be fresh, uncontaminated fruit pomace processed within 1 to 2 days (other mixed materials must also be of guaranteed quality) and shipped with storage. In silage, if appropriate amounts of urea and microecological preparations for silage are added, protein content and silage quality can be improved.
2. Dry. After dried, the pomace can be crushed and made into dry powder according to need. It not only has good palatability, is easy to store, is easy to pack and transported remotely, but also can be used as a raw material for compound feed and pellet feed for various livestock and poultry. Drying can be naturally dry and artificially dried by the sun. Natural drying should be done in sunny days for several days, so that the water content can be maintained at about 10%, and about 2 tons of dry material can be dried per 10 tons. Natural drying does not require special equipment, as long as there is a dry cement floor or brick ground site on the line, so less investment, low cost; but there must be a good few days of good sunshine, in the dry weather, easy to cause mildew. Artificial drying requires mechanical equipment and energy consumption, high cost, but good drying effect, high quality, low loss of nutrients, and not affected by the weather. Therefore, it is necessary to adjust the drying conditions. It is also possible to combine the two, that is to use natural weather to dry it first, and to reduce the moisture to a certain degree, then artificial drying, which will reduce the cost.
Dried pomace powder can be used as a raw material for mix (mixed) feed and can replace part of corn and bran. According to China's livestock and poultry breeding level and feed conditions, the recommended proportion of dried apple pomace powder in compound feed is: piglets account for 3% to 7%, finishing pigs account for 10% to 25%, chicks account for 2% to 4%, and youth Chickens account for 5% to 10%, layer chickens account for 3% to 5%, and cattle and sheep concentrate supplements account for 10% to 25%. In addition, some dried apple pomace can also be added to the forage of cattle and sheep.
When dry pomace powder is used as a compound feed, the amount can be increased from small to large and gradually increased to the recommended ratio so that the livestock and poultry have an adaptation process. After tests, pigs fed with dry apple pomace powder instead of some concentrates have an average daily weight gain of 550 grams. Feed consumption per kilogram of weight gain is 0.6 kg less than that of the control group. Adding 1.5% to 3.0% dry weight to the chick diet Apple pomace powder can increase its weight gain by 25% to 27%.
3. Silage then dry naturally. The fresh apple pomace is first silted up in the peak season of production. In the coming June, July and August, the high temperature in the summer will be used to dry and dry the silaged pomace. At this time, natural drying takes only 2 to 3 days. There is no need to collect piles in the evening. Labor and time are saved, and the drying effect is good and the quality is high.
4. Apple dregs bioactive feed. Due to the high nitrogen-free extract content of apple dregs, it can be transformed into a single-cell protein feed by adding a suitable nitrogen source and improving the nutritional value of apple dregs.
(I) Nutritional characteristics of apple dregs In apple dregs, peels accounted for 96.2%, fruit seeds accounted for 3.1%, and fruit stems accounted for 0.7%. The content of crude protein in apple pomace is lower, while the content of crude fat and nitrogen-free extract is higher. The dry slag has a metabolizable energy (cattle) value close to that of corn and bran, and fresh slag and silage have a metabolic energy (cattle) value close to that of corn silage. In addition, it also contains abundant macro and trace elements of minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, potassium, iron, manganese, and sulphur, among which the iron content of dried pomace is 4.9 times that of maize; lysine, methionine, and arginine The content is 1.7 times, 1.2 times and 2.75 times that of corn, vitamin B2 is 3.5 times that of corn, and total sugar is more than 15% in the nitrogen-free extract.
The pH of fresh apple pomace is 3.5 to 4.8, and the acidity is relatively large, so the palatability is poor at the beginning of feeding. Before the feeding of fresh slag, it is best to use 0.5% to 1.0% of edible alkali for neutralization treatment, and the amount of feed should not be too large to account for 1/3 of the rations of cattle, sheep, and finishing pigs. It is better to mix the ingredients together.
(II) Processing and feeding of apple dregs Due to the high moisture content and high acidity of fresh apple pomace, the proportion of fresh apple pomace in the diet should not be large and difficult to store; at the same time, the production of pomace residue has obvious seasonality. In order to make full use of the feed resources of fruit residue, the use of fresh residue alone is very limited. Therefore, it must be processed. Although it is still in the research and development stage, some good results and benefits have been achieved.
Silage Silage can reduce some problems that can't be overcome in fresh apple pomace feeding. The silage method of apple pomace is the same as that of other feed silages, but because of its high water content, silage alone needs to reduce its moisture content. Silage can also be mixed with corn (with and without sticks), wild grass, bran, and short hay. The requirement for the fruit slag must be fresh, uncontaminated fruit pomace processed within 1 to 2 days (other mixed materials must also be of guaranteed quality) and shipped with storage. In silage, if appropriate amounts of urea and microecological preparations for silage are added, protein content and silage quality can be improved.
2. Dry. After dried, the pomace can be crushed and made into dry powder according to need. It not only has good palatability, is easy to store, is easy to pack and transported remotely, but also can be used as a raw material for compound feed and pellet feed for various livestock and poultry. Drying can be naturally dry and artificially dried by the sun. Natural drying should be done in sunny days for several days, so that the water content can be maintained at about 10%, and about 2 tons of dry material can be dried per 10 tons. Natural drying does not require special equipment, as long as there is a dry cement floor or brick ground site on the line, so less investment, low cost; but there must be a good few days of good sunshine, in the dry weather, easy to cause mildew. Artificial drying requires mechanical equipment and energy consumption, high cost, but good drying effect, high quality, low loss of nutrients, and not affected by the weather. Therefore, it is necessary to adjust the drying conditions. It is also possible to combine the two, that is to use natural weather to dry it first, and to reduce the moisture to a certain degree, then artificial drying, which will reduce the cost.
Dried pomace powder can be used as a raw material for mix (mixed) feed and can replace part of corn and bran. According to China's livestock and poultry breeding level and feed conditions, the recommended proportion of dried apple pomace powder in compound feed is: piglets account for 3% to 7%, finishing pigs account for 10% to 25%, chicks account for 2% to 4%, and youth Chickens account for 5% to 10%, layer chickens account for 3% to 5%, and cattle and sheep concentrate supplements account for 10% to 25%. In addition, some dried apple pomace can also be added to the forage of cattle and sheep.
When dry pomace powder is used as a compound feed, the amount can be increased from small to large and gradually increased to the recommended ratio so that the livestock and poultry have an adaptation process. After tests, pigs fed with dry apple pomace powder instead of some concentrates have an average daily weight gain of 550 grams. Feed consumption per kilogram of weight gain is 0.6 kg less than that of the control group. Adding 1.5% to 3.0% dry weight to the chick diet Apple pomace powder can increase its weight gain by 25% to 27%.
3. Silage then dry naturally. The fresh apple pomace is first silted up in the peak season of production. In the coming June, July and August, the high temperature in the summer will be used to dry and dry the silaged pomace. At this time, natural drying takes only 2 to 3 days. There is no need to collect piles in the evening. Labor and time are saved, and the drying effect is good and the quality is high.
4. Apple dregs bioactive feed. Due to the high nitrogen-free extract content of apple dregs, it can be transformed into a single-cell protein feed by adding a suitable nitrogen source and improving the nutritional value of apple dregs.
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