Pear tree abandon fruit bagging, the use of physical methods to prevent pests and diseases, greatly reducing the amount of pesticides; the main biological fertilizer organic fertilizer as a base fertilizer, greatly reducing the amount of fertilizer, so that chemical fertilizers, pesticides reduce the amount of damage control. At the same time, the quality of the fruit is improved, the fertilizer and pesticide residues in the fruit and soil are reduced, and the cost is saved, which should be strongly advocated.
First, the use of physical methods to prevent pests
1. Use insect nets to prevent insects. Now many farmers have used anti-bird nets to cover the entire pear trees in order to prevent bird damage. Changing anti-bird nets into fine nets has become an insect net, and the fineness is similar to window screening. This blocks the insects outside the net, reducing the density of insects in the field.
2. Install the insect lamp. There are electricity conditions in the installation of insecticidal nets, trapping and killing insects with the ability to fly light, a pest killing lamp can trap a radius of 66667 square meters of pests. At the same time, a yellow armyworm board is set up in the field to trap and kill yellowish pests, 30 to 50 per mu, and the sticky board is generally valid for about 3 months.
3. The tapeworms are wrapped around the trunks and branches. The armyworm belt can trap and kill pests that are damaged by crawling and digging through the trunks and branches, such as: Tenebrio molitor, Cornelian whitefly, red-and-white spider, etc.
4. Use sexual attractants. The main borers of the pear trees were pear borerworms. The insect pests were placed in the field insect nets in the field. In combination with the armyworm board, most of the male insect pests were trapped and killed so that the females could not be mated and the eggs produced could not hatch. At the same time, the use of this device to predict and predict, timely spraying control in the adult season.
5. Black mulch under the tree. After the black film has been covered, it has several functions. First, it conserves water, reduces the frequency of watering, and saves water. Second, it suppresses the growth of weeds, reduces the use of weeds or reduces the use of herbicides, and third, it prevents the spread of soil-borne diseases.
6. The autumn pests put their trunks and branches on the branches before and after hibernation in winter and trapped on the trunks and branches.
Second, abandon fruit bagging, reduce costs, increase production and quality
1. Comparison of the intrinsic quality of bagged fruit and non-bagged fruit. After fruit bagging, the soluble solid content of the fruit was reduced, and the flavor was poor and the taste was poor. At the same management level, the amount of sugar decreased after bagging pear fruits. The temperature of the fruit in the bag increases, the respiration intensity of the fruit increases, and the consumption of carbohydrates increases, which is an important reason for the decrease of the sugar content of the fruit; the unbagged fruit itself has a certain photosynthesis in the sunlight, and the fruit After bagging, this effect was lost. According to a survey conducted in the orchards of Xinjimazhuang from 2002 to 2004, the content of soluble solids in bagged pears decreased by 1 to 1.5 percentage points. In addition, the ratio of sugar to acid decreased after fruit bagging, and the mouthfeel was acidic, the skin was thickened, and the aroma was reduced. The problems of Huang Guan Pear and Emerald Pear are more prominent.
2. Yield comparison. In the 2005 survey in Xinjimazhuang Orchard, the maximum fruit weight of bagged pear was 243 grams on the same tree, and the maximum fruit weight of bagging pear was 269 grams, a difference of 10.1%; the largest single fruit weight of the bag was 347 grams. The maximum fruit weight without bagging pears was 355 grams, a difference of 2.3%. If the single fruit weight is high, the corresponding output will be high. According to the calculation, if the amount of fertilizer is not increased, the output of the pear orchard without bagging is more than 10% higher than that of the bagging. What needs to be explained here is that the sample collected on the same plant is not noticed by the worker when it is bagged, or that the young fruit is small, and the young fruit is in a poor position without bagging.
3. Cost comparison. The cost of pear fruit bagging is the following: First, the cost of the pear bag itself. The second is the labor cost of bagging and bag unpacking. Thirdly, after the bagging, Tenebrio molitor and Koninkmania aphid become more serious, which increases the cost of prevention and treatment. Fourth, after fruit bagging, due to the large wind surface, and the weight of the fruit bag after soaking in the rain, it will increase the weight, and the fruit and fruit bag will be lost after the natural disaster such as storm. The fifth is to increase the amount of fertilizer used to ensure fruit quality. The rough statistics for the three years of 2014, 2015 and 2016 show that these costs range from RMB 2,000 to RMB 3,000 per mu.
Third, increase organic fertilizer, reduce fertilizer use
1. Advocate the application of organic fertilizer. Bio-organic fertilizer is added with biological bacteria and obtained through full fermentation. It has the functions of decomposing fixed nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other elements in the soil, loosening the soil, and resisting salt and alkali. After application of bio-organic fertilizers, the original fertilizer consumption will be reduced by 1/2, which will reduce the pollution of fertilizers to the soil and at the same time improve the quality of the fruit.
Pear trees in full fruit period, 300 ~ 500 kg per acre, the best time for the autumn in mid-September to stop growth after the growth of pear trees, as a basal fertilizer application, but also after the spring soil thawing before germination.
2. Orchard grass cultivation, improve soil organic matter. The spring orchard is covered under spring trees. After mid-June, grass can be cultivated without weeding. After the weeds grow to more than 50 cm, they are castrated and leave grass weeds. The weeds that are cut off are laid under a tree tray to ensure water conservation. It inhibits the growth of other grasses, and after rotting it is a good organic matter.
Fourth, cost analysis, comparison
The current cost of pear production mainly includes: the cost of the pear bag, labor costs due to the increase of the bagging, the cost of fertilizers and pesticides, the cost of labor, the cost of labor spent for thinning and fruiting, the cost of labor for harvesting and sales, and the cost of pruning labor. Among them, the cost of labor and the cost of fertilizers and pesticides for pear bags and sacks accounted for more than 90%, which is about 3,000 yuan per mu.
Physical control costs: Insect nets cost 1,500 to 1,800 yuan per mu, with an average of 500 to 600 yuan per year for 3 years, and a 180 yuan insecticidal lamp, used for countless years, with negligible electricity charges; the armyworm belt is wrapped around trunks and branches. Ten centimeters in diameter of the tree has 10 windings, each cost about 0.5 yuan, 50 trees per mu costs 25 yuan; 40 sticky planks cost per mu with 48 yuan; sex attractants with 5 per mu, 5 yuan. According to the above total cost of six or seven hundred yuan per mu. With this type of management for several years, the number of pests and diseases can be greatly reduced, and the cost of spraying can be reduced by 90%. The actual savings are around 2,000 yuan.
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