Although China is a large potato producing country, its productivity is still not high. The main reason is that the planting technology is backward, the level of mechanization is low, and the lack of scale is an important factor. Promoting mechanized planting techniques and taking the road of scale and intensification is to increase potato productivity. The fundamental approach of the level, so this paper analyzes the mechanized planting techniques of potatoes.
First, land selection, soil preparation and application of base fertilizer
1. Selection of land. Mechanized planting of potatoes should choose flat land, convenient soil, soil thickening, convenient flat irrigation or gentle slope, soil neutral to slightly acidic. Avoid using the plots of the former Solanaceae crops, and choose The plots of leguminous and gramineous crops are better. Potatoes are generally not suitable for continuous cropping.
2. Land preparation. Before the planting, the deep tillage operation should be carried out, and the depth of cultivation should reach 40cm or more. The deep-cultivation operation adopts the tractor-supported rake machine, and the disc harrow or rotary tiller is used for shallow tillage before sowing, and the depth reaches 10~15cm. The standard is that the surface flatness deviation does not exceed 3cm, the leakage area is less than 1%, the 耙 coefficient of variation does not exceed 15%, the soil breaking rate is greater than 80%, and the clods with a diameter of 5cm or more cannot exceed five. When using the water-and-dry rotation method in Guangdong, a season of potato can be planted in the winter paddy rice field. In this case, the autumn should be turned over, and the depth of the soil should be 25~30cm. After turning over and rolling, to achieve “flat, Qi, pine, The standard of broken, clean, and sturdy, that is, meets the requirements of smooth surface, loose soil, upper Panasonic, and good health.
3. Applying base fertilizer. It should be fertilized according to the soil testing formula of the cultivated land. The potato needs high fertilizer amount, and the nitrogen element (N) is 5kg, the phosphorus element (P2O5) is 2kg, and the potassium element (K2O) is 11kg per 1000kg tuber. Then according to the potato The target yield and the actual fertility of the soil determine the amount of fertilization. Fertilization can be carried out by seeding the layered potato planter, and the seed fertilizer can be applied to the soil at one time, or first spread on the surface with a fertilizer spreader, and then rotated by a rotary tiller.机械. Mechanized fertilization standards are: soil fertilizer coverage should reach 100%, broken rate is less than 3%, base fertilizer deep application uniform coefficient of variation is less than 6%, and fertilization site accuracy rate is above 70%.
Second, seed potato selection and treatment
1. Selection of seed potatoes. Planting potatoes should choose detoxification seed potatoes suitable for local climate and soil conditions. When purchasing seed potatoes, they must be purchased from qualified and traceable seed business units or individuals. The quality of seed potatoes should at least reach the potato. The requirements of the second species of seed potato (GB18133-2012). The excellent early-maturing varieties suitable for Guangdong winter species include Yueyin 85-38, Jinyin No. 8, Luyin No. 1, Holland No. 7, and Holland No. 15.
2. Seed potato treatment. 7 to 10 days before sowing, use the sunny days to dry the seed potatoes for 2 days, and then carry out strict screening to eliminate diseased potatoes, rotten potatoes, insect potatoes, and deformed potatoes. 1 to 2 days before sowing to 50g or more The potato is cut into pieces, and the cutter is first disinfected with 0.1% potassium permanganate solution or 75% alcohol solution, and then cut into pieces of 30~50g in size, each with 1~2 buds. Smaller potato Potato sowing. 0.5h after cutting, seed dressing powder is used for seed dressing. Disinfecting powder can be mixed with agricultural streptomycin, dimethomorph and double fly powder in a ratio of 1:2:97, and 1kg disinfectant powder can be processed 50kg. Planting. Stacking germination for 4~5 days at 18~20°C, and then sown until the bud grows to 0.5cm.
Third, sowing
1. The sowing date is determined. The suitable sowing date for winter potato in Guangdong is from October 20 to November 30, and the best sowing date is from November 1 to November 20.
2. Seeding density. Guangdong winter potato practice shows that the yield of the 667m2 per plant is too good or too thin, and the commercial potato rate is not ideal. The most suitable seeding density is 4500~5500 plants/667m2.
3. Mechanized sowing. The planter can complete the procedures of ditching, sowing, covering soil and ridges in one time, and the efficiency is very high. The mechanized seeding machine mainly has hanging single row/double row potato planter, hanging single row/double row potato sowing Fertilization combined operation machine, suspended four-row potato planter, traction four-row potato sowing and fertilization combined operation machine / sowing fertilization spray combined operation machine, etc., currently used more hanging double row potato planter / sowing fertilization combined Working machine. The domestic potato mechanization planting mode mainly includes ridge pattern, flat mode and ridge double-row planting mode. It is also divided into two modes: film coating and non-filming. The climate in Guangdong is humid, and the ridge can be used without filming mode. It is also possible to carry out the filming operation in strict accordance with the conditions of potato mechanization planting, that is, strict requirements on the parameters such as sowing amount, sowing depth, ridge height, ridge width and row spacing, and the seed potato can not be damaged when planting. The operation method is as follows: the landing line is drawn on the ground, and the general head width should be 2~4 times of the working width of the planter, and the shuttle operation method is adopted when planting. The end of the head travels to the other end and folds back. The test is first broadcasted, and the parameters are adjusted to meet the agronomic requirements before being officially sown. The benchmark is used as the benchmark for travel, and the uniform seeding is started after the official seeding starts. Parking, failure or need to check and adjust should be carried to the ground to solve. The operating standards are as follows: single line planter straightness error is less than 15cm, double or four row planter linear error is less than 8cm; missed broadcast rate is less than 5%; line spacing deviation, broadcast The width is not more than 1cm, the adjacent width is not more than 5cm, the line spacing and the plant spacing pass rate are greater than 90% and 80% respectively; the broadcast depth deviation is not more than 1cm; the ridge height and the ridge width error is not more than 3cm, and the pass rate is greater than 80%; The seedling injury rate of seed potatoes is less than 2%.
Fourth, field management
1. Intercultivation. The cultivator generally adopts hanging cultivating machinery, which can complete the operation procedures such as loosening soil, weeding, topdressing and soil cultivation in one time. The row spacing of the cultivating line should be consistent with the row spacing at the time of sowing, so as to ensure that the seedlings are not damaged and not shovel. Miao. The cultivating operation should be carried out twice. When the emergence rate is more than half and the seedling height reaches 8~10cm, the first cultivating can be carried out; when the seedlings are basically out and the seedling height reaches 20~25cm, the second cultivating can be carried out. .
2. Fertilizer and water management. The demand for water in potato is different in different growth periods. The maximum water holding capacity of the soil is 100%. The water requirement is 0% in the seedling stage, 60% in the seedling stage, 70% in the bud stage, and the potato block formation period. The water requirement is 70%~80%, the water content of the potato block is 70%~85%, and the starch accumulation period is 60%~70%. In addition to considering the water demand in different periods, it should be based on the weather, fertilizer amount and potato variety. Soil moisture, irrigation method to adjust the actual watering amount, and should be combined with watering for foliar application, drip irrigation can be used to drip irrigation with fertilizer, adhere to a small number of principles to improve fertilizer utilization. In addition to application of NPK fertilizer It should also be supplemented with trace elements.
3. Pest control. Potato pests mainly include aphids, golden worms, tigers, cockroaches, and 28-star ladybugs. Diseases include early and late blight, etc. Plant protection should adhere to the “prevention, prevention and control combination†of plant protection. Principles, and try to use agricultural measures, physical and biological control techniques, supplemented by chemical drugs. The types of drugs, the amount of application and the number of applications should be rationally selected.
V. Harvest
Potato mechanized harvesting machinery, according to the advanced degree from low to high, is potato excavator, potato segment harvester, potato combine harvester, potato excavator suitable for small plots, potato combine harvester for large farms, potato segment harvest The machine is somewhere in between. Take the potato segment harvester as an example. When the operation speed is 3~4km/h, it is better to excavate 25cm. The general harvesting standards are as follows: the rate of sweet potato is over 98%, the rate of the potato is The loss rate is below 2%.
Conclusion
China is a big country for potato cultivation, but the level of mechanization of potatoes is less than 5%. Compared with countries with advanced potato planting techniques such as the Netherlands, the gap is very large. Therefore, the promotion and application of mechanized planting techniques should be increased, not only to improve production efficiency. In order to respond to the call for national potato staple food, it will lay the foundation for future food security plans.
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