Abstract: Starting from the overview of pretreatment of Chinese herbal medicines, we will understand the main production processes and requirements, and explore the application of equipment according to the production process.
Key words: Chinese herbal medicine; pretreatment; production process; equipment application;
Traditional Chinese medicine plays an important role in China's medicine. The traditional Chinese medicine industry is China's traditional national industry, and it is also a fast-growing emerging industry. With the improvement of Chinese medicine at home and abroad, the demand for Chinese medicine has increased year by year, which requires Chinese medicine equipment. Can adapt to the requirements of the development of traditional Chinese medicine production. Among them, the processing of Chinese herbal medicines is the basic processing link of traditional Chinese medicine enterprises, and the processing equipment for Chinese herbal medicines should be able to adapt to its development requirements.
1 Overview of Chinese herbal medicine pretreatment production
The industrial production of traditional Chinese medicine includes three parts: pretreatment and processing of Chinese medicinal materials, extraction of active ingredients of Chinese medicinal materials, production of traditional Chinese medicine extracts, and production of traditional Chinese medicine preparations.
1.1 The concept of pretreatment of Chinese medicinal materials The pretreatment of medicinal materials is based on the specific properties of the original medicinal materials or decoction pieces, and is processed, formed, fried, dried, etc. by appropriate cleaning, infiltration, cutting, selection, frying, drying, etc. Intermediate or semi-finished products of Chinese herbal medicines with certain quality specifications.
1.2 Chinese herbal medicine pretreatment Main production process Chinese herbal medicine pretreatment The main production processes include net preparation, cutting, processing, drying and other processes.
1.3 Pretreatment of Chinese herbal medicines The purpose of pretreatment of Chinese herbal medicines is to produce Chinese herbal medicines or decoction pieces of various specifications and requirements, and also provide reliable guarantee for the extraction of active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicines and the production of traditional Chinese medicine extracts.
1.4 Chinese herbal medicine pretreatment methods The medicinal materials include three major categories: botanical, animal and mineral medicines. Among them, botanicals and animal drugs are all or part of biological organs, secretions, etc., usually doped with various impurities; while mineral medicines are mostly fossils of natural ores or animals, often with sediment.
The pretreatment methods used for different types of medicinal materials are also different, mainly including: (1) removal of non-medicinal parts, by removing stems, removing roots, removing branches, removing rough skin, dehulling, depilation, and enucleation. And other methods to remove parts that are not used as medicinal; (2) removal of impurities, purification, medicinal materials by means of selection, screening, wind selection, washing, bleaching, etc., which facilitates accurate metering and cutting of pharmaceutical materials; (3) slicing of medicinal materials, The net-selected medicinal materials are cut into "slices" of various shapes and thicknesses, which are called decoction pieces, and are used for formulating drugs.
2 The main production process of Chinese herbal medicine pretreatment and the application of its equipment
2.1 The net system consists of the net selection and cleaning of Chinese herbal medicines. The purpose of the net system is to select and remove impurities from the medicinal materials to meet the clarifying standards and specifications of medicinal products.
2.1.1 Net selection process requires net selection of production process requirements:
(1) Check the Chinese herbal medicines that need to be selected by net, and weigh and record them;
(2) The net selection operation must adopt the methods of sorting, wind selection, screening, shearing, scraping, culling, brushing, and pulverizing according to the process requirements to remove impurities or separate and remove non-medicinal parts, so that the medicinal materials meet the net selection. Quality standard requirements;
(3) The selection of medicinal materials should be set up with a workbench, and the surface of the workbench should be flat and not easy to produce falling off;
(4) Dust-collecting facilities should be installed in dust-proof operation rooms such as wind selection and screening;
(5) After passing the quality inspection, hand it to the next process or into the net material warehouse.
2.1.2 Cleaning process requirements Cleaning process requirements:
(1) Water for cleaning medicinal materials should meet the national drinking water standards;
(2) There should be a good drainage system in the cleaning plant, no water on the ground, easy to clean and corrosion resistant;
(3) The inner surface of the equipment or facility for washing the medicinal materials should be smooth, smooth, easy to clean, corrosion-resistant, and not chemically altered or adsorbed with the medicinal materials;
(4) The washing of medicinal materials should use flowing water. The used water should not be used to wash other medicinal materials. Different medicinal materials should not be washed together;
(5) adopting methods such as panning, rinsing, spray washing, etc. for different medicinal materials according to the process requirements;
(6) The washed herbs should be dried in time.
2.1.3 Main net equipment
2.1.3.1 Washing machine cleaning is a necessary part of the pretreatment of Chinese medicinal materials. The purpose of cleaning is to remove the sediment and debris in the medicinal materials. According to the purpose of medicinal material cleaning, different medicinal materials are classified into two types: water washing and dry cleaning.
The main equipment for washing is a washing machine and a washing tank. The washing machine is available in three types: spray type, circulation type and environmental protection type. (1) The water source of the spray type washing machine is directly provided by the water pipe, and the washed wastewater is directly discharged. The cost of the washing machine is relatively low, the labor intensity is light, and the water consumption is large; (2) circulating water washing The medicine machine has its own water tank and circulating pump, which has the function of sedimentation, which has the advantage of saving water for the cleaning of bulk medicines; (3) the environmentally-friendly washing machine is based on the circulating water washing machine, by increasing the sewage treatment function, it The medicinal circulating water can be reused (limited to the same batch of medicinal materials) after being treated by the sewage treatment device, thereby further saving water resources.
The main equipment for dry cleaning is a dry skin cleaner. Due to the extensive use of water to wash a variety of medicinal materials, it is easy to cause unnecessary loss of the medicinal ingredients of some medicinal materials. In order to avoid the loss of these components, this effect can be achieved with a dry skin cleaner, whose main function is to remove non-medical and non-medicinal impurities. The device has a good net effect on roots, seeds, fruits and the like.
2.1.3.2 The belt magnetic separator uses the high-strength magnetic material to automatically remove the iron substances (including iron-containing sand) in the medicine, which is the main function of the belt magnetic separator. The machine is suitable for the net production of non-pharmaceutical impurities in semi-finished and finished Chinese herbal medicines.
2.1.3.3 Variable frequency air sorter The variable frequency air sorter has two types of vertical and horizontal models.
(1) Horizontal air separator is mainly used for classification and partial impurity removal of raw materials or semi-finished products of medicinal materials;
(2) Vertical air separator is mainly used for impurity removal of finished medicinal materials.
There are two working modes: except for the light method, the non-medical and medicinal impurities such as hair, cotton yarn and dregs in the medicinal materials are removed by a small wind speed; in addition to the heavy method, the stones and mud in the medicinal materials are removed by a large wind speed. Non-medicinal impurities such as sand.
The frequency conversion type air sorting machine uses the frequency conversion technology to adjust and control the motor speed and the wind speed and pressure of the fan. Recording the operating data of the frequency converter can analyze the quality of the wind selection product and provide a quantitative basis for production quality management.
2.1.3.4 The net selection unit will be selected, selected, and magnetically selected, and equipped with several conveying devices, dust collectors, etc., and composed of mechanical selection, such as wind selection, screening and magnetic separation. The artificially-assisted selection of automated sets of net selection equipment for the multi-directional net processing of Chinese herbal medicines. The unit is equipped with a mechanized selection of conveyors for manual handling of debris that cannot be removed mechanically. Due to the wide variety of Chinese medicinal materials, large differences in physical forms, and different net requirements for different medicinal materials, the unit combines traditional net requirements with modern processing technology to make the net processing of Chinese medicinal materials towards mechanization and automation. High efficiency development.
2.2 Cutting and cutting include infiltration and cutting of Chinese herbal medicines. Before the medicinal materials are cut, they must be softened by moistening, etc., so that they are soft and hard, and easy to cut. The purpose of cutting is to ensure the quality of the decocting or extraction, or to facilitate further processing and blending.
2.2.1 Infiltration process requires infiltration process requirements:
(1) The medicinal materials to be infiltrated according to their size, thickness, hardness and hardness, respectively, using methods such as drenching, rushing water, soaking, moistening, etc.;
(2) Control the water consumption and time of the infiltrated medicinal materials, so that the drug is permeable to water, and there should be no deterioration of the medicinal materials, such as spoilage, mildew, and odor;
(3) The infiltrated medicinal materials should be cut in time after meeting the cutting requirements;
(4) Vacuum or wet infiltration is used, and the technical parameters of the process shall be verified and confirmed.
2.2.2 Cutting process requirements Cutting process requirements:
(1) According to different medicinal materials and properties, cutting methods such as cutting, pounding, planing, boring and boring are adopted;
(2) According to the process requirements, the medicinal materials are cut into pieces, segments, wires, blocks, etc., and meet the standards of artillery products.
2.2.3 Main cutting equipment
2.2.3.1 Vacuum gas phase displacement type of traditional Chinese medicine softening method includes infiltration, soaking, washing, leaching, etc., so that the medicinal material absorbs water and softens. Commonly used softening equipment is cement pool and medicine machine. However, since the equipment still uses the water immersion method, the problem of loss of efficacy cannot be avoided. In addition, the sewage discharged during the operation of the drug also causes environmental pollution.
In order to avoid the above problems, a vacuum gas phase displacement type drug-filling machine can be selected, which uses the characteristics of strong penetrability of gas and high vacuum technology, so that water vapor can replace the air in the medicine, so that the medicine can be softened quickly and evenly, and appropriate medicine is used. The process makes the medicinal material soft and hard in the case of low water content, no dryness in cutting, no fragmentation.
2.2.3.2 The commonly used medicinal materials for cutting machine are: (1) reciprocating cutting machine, including swing reciprocating (or sickle type) and linear reciprocating type (or cutter plate type); (2) Rotary cutting machine, including blade rotary (or rotary) and material rotary (or rotary).
Among them, the sickle-type or rotary-type cutting machine is widely used in various pharmaceutical companies because of its strong adaptability to the medicinal materials, high cutting power, high output and stable product performance, but the cutting is not fine enough. The cutter pad type and the rotary type cutting machine are new products developed in recent years, and have the characteristics of fine cutting, high forming qualification rate and low power consumption.
2.2.3.3 Automated net-selective cutting unit The air-conditioning, screening, selection, magnetic separation, cutting and other single-machine equipment are equipped with several conveying devices and dust collectors to form an automatic net-selective cutting unit. The medicinal materials are first selected by air selection, screening, magnetic separation and manual assisting, and then automatically cut. The production capacity and main technical parameters of each functional equipment are adjustable within a certain range. The characteristics of the device are: the main function is automatically completed by the device, saving labor costs, reducing net selection defects caused by human deviation, and improving product quality.
2.3 Processing Chinese medicine processing refers to the necessary processing process before the application or preparation of various dosage forms. Its purpose is mainly to eliminate or reduce the toxic side effects of drugs and to ensure the safety of medication.
2.3.1 Processing requirements for processing requirements:
(1) The production plants for steaming, frying, simmering and calcining of Chinese medicinal materials should be compatible with the scale of production, and have good facilities for ventilation, dust removal, smoke removal and cooling;
(2) Strictly control the quantity, method, time, processing time, temperature, etc. of the auxiliary materials according to the process requirements;
(3) The processed products shall be cooled in a clean, heat-resistant and corrosion-resistant container, or cooled under suitable conditions. Each container shall be accompanied by a mark indicating the name, serial number, batch number, quantity, date, operation. Waiter;
(4) The medicinal materials after processing shall comply with the requirements of the standard of artillery products, and shall be delivered to the next process or into the net material warehouse after passing the quality inspection.
2.3.2 The main equipment processed by the main processing equipment is the speculative machine. The heat source of the frying machine mostly replaces coal burning with electric heat, fuel oil and gas, which reduces the pollution of the dust to the environment to a certain extent.
2.3.2.1 Automatic temperature control fuel oil and gas speculative machine This machine uses direct fuel or gas as heat source. It has automatic temperature and time control system with fast temperature rise and cooling function. The maximum temperature can reach 450 °C. Equipped with an independent electrical control box, the frying process can automatically control temperature and timing.
2.3.2.2 Intelligent environmentally-friendly fried medicine unit The unit consists of automatic temperature control and frying machine, automatic feeding machine, intelligent control system, quantitative tank, dust removal device and exhaust gas treatment device. Among them, the intelligent control system can set and store the anti-drug program, such as automatic feeding, temperature control, frying time, automatic discharging, variable temperature control, and the like. In addition to its own control functions, it also requires quantity and humidity control for each batch of fried herbs, because only the same time, heat, quantity of herbs and humidity can guarantee the same quality of each batch.
2.4 Drying The prepared medicinal materials or pieces should be dried in time, otherwise it will be easily mildewed and deteriorated. In addition, the pieces are easy to weigh after drying.
2.4.1 Drying process requirements Drying process requirements:
(1) Different drying methods and drying equipment are selected according to the nature of the medicine and the process requirements, but it shall not be dried in the open air;
(2) Unless otherwise specified, the drying temperature should generally not exceed 80 °C, and the volatile substances should not exceed 60 °C;
(3) The technical parameters of the drying equipment and process shall be verified and confirmed;
(4) The air inlet of the drying equipment should have suitable filtering device, and the air outlet should have a device to prevent air backflow.
2.4.2 Main drying equipment
2.4.2.1 Drying box The drying equipment uses steam, fuel oil or gas as the heat source. The hot air stove has a spiral structure to avoid the burning of flue gas to contaminate the medicine. The drying box is an open structure, which has a fast drying speed and is convenient for entering and leaving materials, and is easy to clean residual materials. Suitable for small batch and multi-variety production, with air drying function. Therefore, it is especially suitable for the drying of the pieces.
2.4.2.2 Belt dryers Belt dryers consist of several individual units, each consisting of a circulating fan, a heating unit, a separate or common fresh air extraction system and a leachate removal system. Therefore, operating parameters such as the amount of drying medium, temperature, humidity, and exhaust gas circulation can be independently controlled to ensure the reliability of the belt dryer operation and the optimization of operating conditions.
The belt dryer is flexible in operation, the wet material feeding and drying process is carried out in a completely sealed box, and the working conditions are good, and dust leakage can be avoided. Belt dryers are ideal for certain drying processes where both the color change and the moisture content of the dry material are critical. The disadvantage is that the floor space is large and the noise is large during operation.
2.4.2.3 The far infrared ray radiation dryer converts the electrical energy into far infrared radiant energy. It is characterized by fast drying speed, good drug quality, strong bactericidal, insecticidal and egg-killing ability, energy saving, low cost, easy automation and light labor. In recent years, far-infrared drying has been widely used in dehydration, drying and disinfection of original drugs and decoction pieces, and can better retain traditional Chinese medicine ingredients.
2.4.2.4 Microwave dryer Microwave drying refers to the method of converting wet energy into heat by converting microwave energy into heat. It has the advantages of high speed, short time, uniform heating, good product quality and high thermal efficiency. Since the microwave energy penetrates into the interior of the material, the drying time is 1% to 10% of that of conventional hot air heating. Therefore, there is less loss of volatile substances and aromatic components in traditional Chinese medicine.
3 Conclusion
Traditional Chinese medicine is a unique industry and characteristic industry in China. It should be equipped with advanced equipment according to the production process, select equipment with high environmental protection, energy saving and high degree of automation, and continuously promote, develop and improve Chinese traditional Chinese medicine equipment to promote the faster development of Chinese medicine.
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